Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

Web money

  • 1 web-money

    n
    электронные деньги, универсальная внебанковская система, позволяющая проводить мгновенные расчеты в сети интернет

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > web-money

  • 2 web flow

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > web flow

  • 3 web folding

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > web folding

  • 4 cybercash

    [ˌsaɪbə'kæʃ]
    сущ.
    виртуальные деньги (преимущественно для обслуживания расчётов внутри интернета - оплаты онлайновых услуг и приобретения товаров через интернет; хранятся на виртуальных карточках; своего рода промежуточное и передаточное звено между обычными пластиковыми карточками (или наличными деньгами) и товаром или услугами)
    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > cybercash

  • 5 world

    wə:ld
    1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) mundo
    2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) mundo
    3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) mundo
    4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) mundo
    5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) mundo
    6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) inmenso
    7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) mundo
    - worldliness
    - worldwide
    - World Wide Web
    - the best of both worlds
    - for all the world
    - out of this world
    - what in the world? - what in the world

    world n mundo
    tr[wɜːld]
    1 (earth) mundo
    2 (sphere) mundo
    3 (life) mundo, vida
    4 (people) mundo
    what is the world coming to? ¿a dónde iremos a parar?
    5 (large amount, large number)
    1 (population, peace) mundial; (politics, trade) internacional
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    not to do something for (all) the world no hacer algo por nada del mundo
    a man/woman of the world un hombre/una mujer de mundo
    it's a small world el mundo es un pañuelo
    it's not the end of the world no es el fin del mundo
    out of this world fenomenal, estupendo,-a, increíble, fantástico,-a
    the outside world el mundo exterior
    the world is one's oyster el mundo es suyo, tener el mundo a sus pies
    to be/mean all the world to somebody serlo todo para alguien
    to be dead/lost to the world estar profundamente dormido,-a
    to go up in the world prosperar, mejorar
    to have the best of both worlds tener todas las ventajas
    to live in a world of one's own vivir en su propio mundo
    to see the world ver mundo
    to set the world on fire comerse el mundo
    to think the world of somebody querer mucho a alguien, adorar a alguien
    World Bank Banco Mundial
    world champion campeón,-ona mundial
    World Cup el Mundial, los Mundiales
    world fair exposición nombre femenino internacional
    world music música étnica
    World War I primera guerra mundial
    World War II segunda guerra mundial
    world ['wərld] adj
    : mundial, del mundo
    world championship: campeonato mundial
    : mundo m
    around the world: alrededor del mundo
    a world of possibilities: un mundo de posibilidades
    to think the world of someone: tener a alguien en alta estima
    to be worlds apart: no tener nada que ver (uno con otro)
    adj.
    mundano, -a adj.
    mundial adj.
    mundo, -a adj.
    n.
    mundo s.m.
    orbe s.m.
    siglo s.m.
    tierra s.f.
    wɜːrld, wɜːld
    1) ( earth) mundo m

    to see the world — ver* mundo

    there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero

    world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial

    (it's a) small world! el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!

    the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies

    to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido

    to be out of this world\<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico

    to bring somebody into the worldtraer* a alguien al mundo

    to come into the worldvenir* al mundo

    to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas

    money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional

    2)
    a) ( people generally) mundo m

    what is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?

    to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente

    b) ( society)

    a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo

    3) (specific period, group) mundo m

    there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...

    we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche

    to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo

    who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)

    5) ( Relig)

    this/the other world — este/el otro mundo

    [wɜːld]
    1. N
    1) (=planet) mundo m

    since the world begandesde que el mundo es mundo

    in the best of all possible worlds — en el mejor de los mundos

    it's not the end of the world! * — ¡no es el fin del mundo!

    the tallest man in the world — el hombre más alto del mundo

    the New World — el Nuevo Mundo

    the Old World — el Viejo Mundo

    she has travelled all over the world — ha viajado por todo el mundo

    it's the same the world over — es igual en todo el mundo, es igual vayas a donde vayas

    in a perfect world this would be possible — en un mundo ideal or perfecto esto sería posible

    you have to start living in the real world — tienes que empezar a afrontar la vida or la realidad

    to go round the world — dar la vuelta al mundo

    on a world scalea escala mundial

    to see the world — ver mundo

    to take the world as it is — aceptar la realidad, aceptar las cosas como son

    the worst of all possible worlds — el peor de todos los mundos posibles

    - have the world at one's feet
    - live in a world of one's own
    - feel on top of the world
    dead 1., 1), money 1., 1), third 4.
    2) (=realm) mundo m

    the animal world — el reino animal

    the Arab world — el mundo árabe

    the business world — el mundo de los negocios

    the English-speaking world — el mundo de habla inglesa

    the plant world — el reino vegetal

    the world of sport — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes

    the sporting world — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes

    the Western world — el mundo occidental

    3) (=society) mundo m

    to be alone in the world — estar solo en el mundo, no tener a nadie en el mundo

    - come down in the world
    - go up in the world
    man 1., 1), outside 3., 1), way 1., 2)
    4) (=life) mundo m

    in this world — en esta vida, en este mundo

    to bring a child into the world — traer a un niño al mundo

    to come into the world — venir al mundo

    in the next world — en la otra vida, en el otro mundo

    the other world — el otro mundo

    - have the best of both worlds

    for all the world as if it had never happened — como si nunca hubiera ocurrido

    they're worlds apartson totalmente opuestos or diferentes, no tiene nada que ver el uno con el otro

    they're worlds apart politically — políticamente los separa un abismo, mantienen posiciones políticas totalmente diferentes

    there's a world of difference between... — hay un mundo or abismo entre...

    I'd give the world to know — daría todo el oro del mundo por saberlo

    it did him the world of good — le sentó de maravilla, le hizo la mar de bien *

    nothing in the world would make me do it — no lo haría por nada del mundo

    how in the world did you manage to do it? * — ¿cómo demonios or diablos conseguiste hacerlo?

    what in the world were you thinking of! * — ¡qué demonios or diablos estabas pensando! *

    where in the world has he got to? * — ¿dónde demonios or diablos se ha metido? *

    why in the world did you do that? * — ¿por qué demonios or diablos hiciste eso? *

    she means the world to me — ella significa muchísimo para mí

    not for all the world — por nada del mundo

    he promised me the world — me prometió la luna

    to think the world of sb — tener a algn en gran estima

    2.
    CPD [economy, proportions] mundial; [events, news] internacional; [trade] internacional, mundial; [tour] mundial, alrededor del mundo

    World Bank NBanco m Mundial

    world beater Ncampeón(-ona) m / f mundial

    world champion Ncampeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial

    world championship Ncampeonato m mundial, campeonato m del mundo

    the World Cup N — (Ftbl) la Copa Mundial, la Copa del Mundo

    world fair Nferia f universal

    World Heritage Site Nlugar m patrimonio de la humanidad

    world language Nlengua f universal

    world leader N[of country, company] líder m mundial; (=politician) jefe(-a) m / f de estado

    world market Nmercado m mundial

    world market price Nprecio m (del mercado) mundial

    world music Nmúsicas fpl del mundo, world music f

    world order Norden m mundial

    world power N(=country) potencia f mundial

    world premiere Nestreno m mundial

    world record Nrécord m mundial

    world's champion N(US) campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial

    World Series N(US) campeonato m mundial de béisbol

    See:

    World Service N(Brit) servicio internacional de la BBC

    world title Ntítulo m mundial

    the World Trade Organization — la Organización Mundial del Comercio

    world war Nguerra f mundial

    World War One/Two — la Primera/Segunda Guerra Mundial

    * * *
    [wɜːrld, wɜːld]
    1) ( earth) mundo m

    to see the world — ver* mundo

    there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero

    world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial

    (it's a) small world! el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!

    the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies

    to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido

    to be out of this world\<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico

    to bring somebody into the worldtraer* a alguien al mundo

    to come into the worldvenir* al mundo

    to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas

    money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional

    2)
    a) ( people generally) mundo m

    what is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?

    to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente

    b) ( society)

    a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo

    3) (specific period, group) mundo m

    there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...

    we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche

    to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo

    who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)

    5) ( Relig)

    this/the other world — este/el otro mundo

    English-spanish dictionary > world

  • 6 lie

    ̈ɪlaɪ I
    1. сущ. ложь, неправда, обман to pack, tissue, web of lies ≈ плести паутину лжи to tell a lie ≈ говорить неправду, врать, обманывать bald-faced lie, barefaced lieнаглая ложь blatant lieявная ложь brazen lie ≈ бесстыдное вранье downright lie ≈ наглая, явная ложь monstrous lie ≈ чудовищная ложь outright lie ≈ ложь чистой воды transparent lie ≈ явная ложь whopping lie ≈ чудовищная ложь white lie ≈ невинная ложь, ложь во спасение Syn: falsehood, untruth Ant: honesty, truth, veracity %% to give the lie to smb. ≈ уличать, изобличать кого-л. во лжи to give the lie to smth. ≈ опровергать что-л. swop lies
    2. гл.
    1) лгать, обманывать I know he is lying. ≈ Я знаю, что он врет. She lied to her husband. ≈ Она соврала мужу.
    2) быть обманчивым The camera sometimes lies. ≈ Камера иногда лжет.
    3) добиваться чего-л. с помощью лжи ∙ to lie in one's throat, lie in one's teeth ≈ бесстыдно лгать II
    1. гл.;
    прош. вр. - lay, прич. прош. вр. - lain
    1) а) лежать The injured man was lying motionless on his back. ≈ Раненый лежал на спине без движения. He lay awake watching her for a long time. ≈ Он долго лежал и наблюдал за ней. a newspaper lying on the table ≈ лежащая на столе газета б) покоиться, быть погребенным
    2) а) быть расположенным The islands lie at the southern end of the Kurile chain. ≈ Острова расположены на юге Курильской гряды. Syn: sit б) простираться The route lay to the west. ≈ Дорога простиралась на запад. Syn: extend
    3) а) оставаться в каком-л. положении или состоянии to lie asleepспать to lie in wait( for smb.) ≈ поджидать, подстерегать( кого-л.) The picture lay hidden in the archives for over 40 years. ≈ Картина пролежала, спрятанная в архивах, более 40 лет. They were growing impatient at lying idle so long. ≈ Чем дольше они находились в бездействии, тем сильнее росло их нетерпение. Our country's economy lies in ruins. ≈ Экономика нашей страны полностью разрушена. б) брит. занимать( какое-л. место во время соревнования) I was going well and was lying fourth. ≈ Я неплохо шел и был пока на четвертом месте.
    4) находиться, заключаться( в чем-л.) ;
    относиться( к кому-л.) The problem lay in the large amounts spent on defence. ≈ Проблема заключается в тех огромных суммах, которые идут на оборону. They will only assume that, as a woman, the fault lies with me. ≈ Они только заявят, что так как я женщина, вина лежит на мне. He realised his future lay elsewhere. ≈ Он понимал, что его будущее лежит где-то в другом месте.
    5) уст. ненадолго остановиться;
    переночевать to lie for the night воен. ≈ расположиться на ночлег
    6) юр. признаваться законным The claim does not lie. ≈ Это незаконное требование. ∙ lie about lie ahead lie around lie back lie before lie behind lie beyond lie by lie down lie down under lie in lie low lie off lie out lie out of one's money lie over lie to lie under lie up lie with lie within to lie on the bed one has made посл. ≈ что посеешь, то и пожнешь
    2. сущ.
    1) положение, расположение;
    направление The actual site of a city is determined by the natural lie of the land. ≈ Фактическое расположение города определяется естественным характером местности. the lie of the ground ≈ рельеф местности the lie of the land
    2) нора, берлога, логово ложь - white * невинная ложь;
    ложь во спасение - thumping * наглая ложь - to tell a * солгать - to tell *s лгать, говорить неправду - to act a * подвести, обмануть( не прийти, не принести и т. п.) - what a pack of *s! выдумка с начала до конца!;
    здесь нет ни слова правды! - to live a * вести двойную жизнь - to give the * to smb. уличить кого-л. во лжи обман, ложное верование, ошибочное убеждение - to maintain a * утверждать, /поддерживать/ что-л. неверное /ошибочное/ - to give the * to smth. показать ложность чего-л.;
    опровергнуть что-л. > one * makes /calls for/ many (пословица) одна ложь тянет за собой другую;
    раз солгал, навек лгуном стал > *s have short legs (пословица) у лжи короткие ноги лгать;
    солгать;
    обманывать - you're lying! вы лжете /ты врешь/! - he *d to his mother он обманул мать /сказал матери неправду/ быть обманчивым - this figures * эти цифры создают ложное впечатление (часто into, out of) ложью добиться чего-л. - to * oneself into smth. проникнуть куда-л. с помощью лжи - to * oneself out of smth. выпутаться /выкарабкаться/ из какого-л. положения с помощью лжи;
    отовраться от чего-л. > to * in one's throat /teeth/, to * like a trooper нагло /бесстыдно/ лгать > to * like a gas meter врать как сивый мерин > to * away smb.'s reputation оболгать кого-л., лишить кого-л. доброго имени положение;
    расположение;
    направление - the * of the land характер местности;
    положение вещей;
    (морское) направление на берег - the * of the ground рельеф местности - the general * and disposition of the boughs общее расположение ветвей - the * of matters положение дел, обстановка логово, берлога;
    нора лежать - to * still лежать неподвижно - to * about /around/ валяться, лежать в беспорядке;
    быть разбросанным (о вещах) (специальное) ложиться - to * flat (сельскохозяйственное) полегать (о хлебах) расположиться, залечь, укрыться - to * for the night (военное) расположиться на ночлег - to * in ambush( военное) находиться в засаде - to * under cover находиться в укрытии - to * in wait for smb. поджидать /подстерегать/ кого-л. - to * low притаиться, скрываться, выжидать покоиться, быть погребенным - here *s... здесь покоится прах... быть расположенным - Ireland *s to the west of England Ирландия находится /расположена/ к западу от Англии простираться - to * along smth. простираться вдоль чего-л. - to * along the shore( морское) идти в виду берега - the valley lay at our feet у наших ног простиралась долина - the world *s all before you весь мир перед вами - life *s in front of you у вас еще жизнь впереди быть, сохраняться или оставаться (в каком-л. положении или состоянии) - to * sick быть больным;
    лежать (в постели) - to * at anchor стоять на якоре - to * in prison сидеть в тюрьме - to * under an obligation (юридическое) быть обязанным, иметь обязательство - to * under an imputation (юридическое) быть обвиненным (в чем-л.) - the money lay idle in the bank деньги лежали в банке без движения - the book *s open книга открыта - the town lay in ruins after the earthquake город лежал в развалинах после землетрясения - let it * оставьте как есть;
    не трогайте заключаться, быть (в чем-л.) - the trouble *s in the engine вся беда в моторе - it *s with you to decide this question этот вопрос должны решать вы - he knows where his interest *s он знает, как ему выгоднее (поступить) - the choice *s between the two выбирать нужно между этими двумя (in) зависеть - as far as in me *s насколько это от меня зависит - I will do all that *s in my power я сделаю все, что в моих силах (устаревшее) остановиться ненадолго, пробыть некоторое время, переночевать ( with) (устаревшее) любить кого-л., спать с кем-л. (юридическое) быть или признаваться допустимым, законным - the appeal will not * апелляция не может быть принята - an appeal *s in this case по этому делу может быть подана апелляция - no appeal *s against the decision постановление суда обжалованию не подлежит > the blame *s at your door это ваша вина > to find out how the land *s выяснить /узнать/, как обстоят дела > to * low припасть к земле;
    лежать распростертым;
    быть мертвым;
    лежать во прахе;
    быть униженным;
    притаиться;
    выжидать > to * out of one's money не получить /не дождаться/ причитающихся денег > to * on the bed one has made (пословица) что посеешь, то и пожнешь as far as in me ~s насколько это в моей власти, в моих силах ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
    относиться (к кому-л.) ;
    it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
    the blame lies at your door это ваша вина ~ юр. признаваться законным;
    the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
    lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
    lie back откинуться( на подушку и т. п.) ~ ложь, обман;
    to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать ( кого-л.) во лжи;
    to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ ложь, обман;
    to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать (кого-л.) во лжи;
    to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
    относиться (к кому-л.) ;
    it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
    the blame lies at your door это ваша вина lie быть обманчивым ~ быть расположенным;
    простираться;
    the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
    life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди ~ лгать;
    to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
    to lie like a gas-meter завираться ~ (lay;
    lain) лежать;
    to lie still (или motionless) лежать спокойно, без движения;
    to lie in ambush находиться в засаде ~ логово (зверя) ~ ложь, обман;
    to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать (кого-л.) во лжи;
    to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ ложь ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
    относиться (к кому-л.) ;
    it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
    the blame lies at your door это ваша вина ~ обман ~ положение;
    направление;
    the lie of the ground рельеф местности ~ признаваться допустимым ~ юр. признаваться законным;
    the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
    lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
    lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ признаваться законным ~ уст. пробыть недолго;
    to lie for the night воен. расположиться на ночлег ~ юр. признаваться законным;
    the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
    lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
    lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ юр. признаваться законным;
    the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
    lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
    lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ by бездействовать ~ by оставаться без употребления ~ by отдыхать ~ down ложиться;
    прилечь ~ down принимать без сопротивления, покорно;
    to take (punishment, an insult, etc.) lying down принимать (наказание, оскорбление и т. п.) покорно, не обижаясь to ~ down under (an insult) проглотить( оскорбление) ~ уст. пробыть недолго;
    to lie for the night воен. расположиться на ночлег ~ in валяться в постели (по утрам) ~ in лежать в родах ~ лгать;
    to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
    to lie like a gas-meter завираться to ~ in wait (for smb.) поджидать, подстерегать (кого-л.) wait: ~ засада;
    выжидание;
    to lay wait( for smb.) подстеречь( кого-л.) ;
    устроить( кому-л.) засаду;
    to lie in wait (for smb.) быть в засаде, поджидать ( кого-л.) ~ лгать;
    to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
    to lie like a gas-meter завираться ~ положение;
    направление;
    the lie of the ground рельеф местности the ~ of the land мор. направление на берег the ~ of the land перен. положение вещей ~ off временно прекратить работу ~ off мор. стоять на некотором расстоянии от берега или другого судна ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
    to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
    to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ out ночевать вне дома ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
    to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
    to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ over быть отложенным (до другого времени) ~ (lay;
    lain) лежать;
    to lie still (или motionless) лежать спокойно, без движения;
    to lie in ambush находиться в засаде ~ to мор. лежать в дрейфе ~ under находиться, быть под (подозрением и т. п.) ~ up лежать, не выходить из комнаты (из-за недомогания) ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
    to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
    to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ up стоять в стороне, отстраняться ~ быть расположенным;
    простираться;
    the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
    life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди ~ быть расположенным;
    простираться;
    the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
    life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди to swop ~s разг. поболтать, посплетничать ~ down принимать без сопротивления, покорно;
    to take (punishment, an insult, etc.) lying down принимать (наказание, оскорбление и т. п.) покорно, не обижаясь white ~ невинная ложь;
    ложь во спасение

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > lie

  • 7 world

    noun
    1) Welt, die

    go/sail round the world — eine Weltreise machen/die Welt umsegeln

    it's the same the world overes ist doch überall das gleiche

    [all] the world over, all over the world — in od. auf der ganzen Welt

    lead the world [in something] — [in etwas (Dat.)] führend in der Welt sein

    the Old/New World — die Alte/Neue Welt

    who/what in the world was it? — wer/was in aller Welt war es? (ugs.)

    how in the world was it that...? — wie in aller Welt (ugs.) war es möglich, dass...?

    nothing in the world would persuade meum nichts in der Welt ließe ich mich überreden

    look for all the world as if... — geradezu aussehen, als ob...

    be all the world to somebody — jemandem das Wichtigste/Liebste auf der Welt sein

    out of this world(fig. coll.) fantastisch (ugs.)

    get the best of both worldsam meisten profitieren

    the world's end, the end of the world — das Ende der Welt

    it's not the end of the world(iron.) davon geht die Welt nicht unter (ugs.)

    know/have seen a lot of the world — die Welt kennen/viel von der Welt gesehen haben

    a man/woman of the world — ein Mann/eine Frau mit Welterfahrung

    go up/come down in the world — [gesellschaftlich] aufsteigen/absteigen; attrib.

    2) (domain)

    the literary/sporting/animal world — die literarische Welt (geh.) /die Welt (geh.) des Sports/die Tierwelt

    the world of letters/art/sport — die Welt (geh.) der Literatur/Kunst/des Sports

    3) (vast amount)

    it will do him a or the world of good — es wird ihm unendlich gut tun

    * * *
    [wə:ld]
    1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) die Welt
    2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) die Welt
    3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) die Welt
    4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) die Welt
    5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) die Welt
    6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) eine Unmenge
    7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) die Welt
    - academic.ru/83067/worldly">worldly
    - worldliness
    - worldwide
    - World Wide Web
    - the best of both worlds
    - for all the world
    - out of this world
    - what in the world? - what in the world
    * * *
    [wɜ:ld, AM wɜ:rld]
    n
    1. no pl (earth)
    the \world die Welt [o Erde]
    the longest bridge in the \world die längste Brücke der Welt
    2. (planet) Welt f, Planet m
    beings from other \worlds Außerirdische pl
    3. (society) Welt f
    we live in a changing \world wir leben in einer Welt, die sich ständig ändert
    \world of finance Finanzwelt f
    the ancient/modern \world die antike/moderne Welt
    the industrialized \world die Industriegesellschaft
    the \world to come die Nachwelt
    4. usu sing (domain) Welt f
    the animal \world die Tierwelt
    the \world of business die Geschäftswelt
    the rock music \world die Welt des Rock, die Rockszene
    the Catholic/Christian/Muslim \world die katholische/christliche/moslemische Welt
    the French-speaking/German-speaking \world die französisch-/deutschsprachige Welt
    5. no pl (life) Welt f
    her whole \world had collapsed für sie war die Welt zusammengebrochen
    to be inexperienced in the ways of the \world die Gesetze der Welt nicht kennen
    to be off in one's own little \world sich dat seine eigene kleine Welt geschaffen haben
    to be [or live] in a \world of one's own in seiner eigenen Welt sein [o leben]
    to withdraw from the \world sich akk von der Welt [o den Menschen] zurückziehen
    6.
    for all the \world as if... geradeso, als ob...
    to be \worlds apart Welten auseinanderliegen
    they are \worlds apart in their political views zwischen ihren politischen Ansichten liegen Welten
    to be [or mean] [all] the \world to sb jds Ein und Alles sein
    to have come [or AM, AUS moved] down in the \world ( fam) schon bessere Zeiten gesehen haben
    not for [all] the \world nie im Leben, um keinen Preis
    to go [or AM, AUS move] up in the \world ( fam) [sozial] aufsteigen
    sb has the \world at their feet jdm liegt die Welt zu Füßen
    all the \world and her husband/his wife BRIT Gott und die Welt, Hinz und Kunz fam
    in the \world at large im Großen und Ganzen [gesehen]
    love/money makes the \world go [a]round die Liebe/Geld regiert die Welt
    to look for all the \world like... ganz aussehen wie...
    to be a man/woman of the \world ein Mann/eine Frau von Welt sein
    to be at one with the \world mit sich dat und der Welt zufrieden sein
    to be out of this \world ( fam) himmlisch [o sl Spitze] sein
    [all] the \world over überall auf der Welt, auf der ganzen Welt
    the \world is your oyster die Welt steht dir offen
    what/who/how in the \world was/wer/wie um alles in der Welt
    * * *
    [wɜːld]
    n
    1) Welt f

    he jets/sails all over the world — er jettet/segelt in der Weltgeschichte herum

    it's not the end of the world! (inf)deshalb or davon geht die Welt nicht unter! (inf)

    money makes the world go round — es dreht sich alles um das Geld, Geld regiert die Welt

    2)

    the New/Old/Third World — die Neue/Alte/Dritte Welt

    the animal/vegetable world — die Tier-/Pflanzenwelt

    3) (= society) Welt f

    man/woman of the world — Mann m/Frau f von Welt

    to lead the world in sthin etw (dat) in der Welt führend sein

    how goes the world with you? — wie gehts?, wie stehts?

    all the world knows... — alle Welt or jeder weiß...

    4) (= this life) Welt f

    to come into the world —

    to have the best of both worldsdas eine tun und das andere nicht lassen

    out of this world (inf) — fantastisch, phantastisch

    what/who in the world — was/wer in aller Welt

    it did him a world of goodes hat ihm (unwahrscheinlich) gutgetan

    for all the world like... — beinahe wie...

    * * *
    world [wɜːld; US wɜrld] s
    1. Welt f:
    a) Erde f
    b) Himmelskörper m
    c) All n, Universum n
    d) fig (die) Menschen pl, (die) Leute pl
    e) fig (Gesellschafts-, Berufs) Sphäre f:
    the commercial world, the world of commerce die Handelswelt;
    the scientific world die Welt der Wissenschaften;
    the world of letters die gelehrte Welt;
    all the world die ganze Welt, jedermann; Bes Redew
    2. (Mineral-, Pflanzen-, Tier) Welt f, (-)Reich n
    3. a world of fig eine Welt von, eine Unmenge;
    a world of difference ein himmelweiter Unterschied umg;
    a world of difficulties eine Unmenge Schwierigkeiten;
    the medicine did me a world of good das Medikament hat mir unwahrscheinlich gutgetan;
    a world too big viel zu großBesondere Redewendungen: against the world gegen die ganze Welt;
    for all the world in jeder Hinsicht;
    not for all the world um keinen Preis;
    for all the world like ( oder as if) genauso wie oder als ob;
    a) vor aller Augen,
    b) für alle deutlich sichtbar;
    not for the world nicht um die oder um alles in der Welt;
    from all over the world aus aller Welt;
    what (who) in the world …? was (wer) in aller Welt …?;
    nothing in the world nichts in der Welt, rein gar nichts;
    out of this world umg fantastisch, (einfach) sagenhaft;
    to the world’s end bis ans Ende der Welt;
    it’s a small world die Welt ist klein oder ein Dorf;
    it’s not the end of the world davon geht die Welt nicht unter;
    all the world and his wife were there umg alles, was Beine hatte, war dort; Gott und die Welt waren dort;
    they are worlds apart zwischen ihnen liegen Welten, sie trennen Welten;
    it’s worlds away from es ist endlos weit weg von;
    she is ( oder means) all the world to him sie ist sein Ein und Alles, sie bedeutet ihm alles;
    I’m not asking the world ich verlange nichts Unmögliches;
    bring (come) into the world zur Welt bringen (kommen);
    carry the world before one glänzende Erfolge haben;
    he has the world before him ihm steht die ganze Welt offen;
    have the best of both worlds weder auf das Eine noch auf das Andere verzichten müssen;
    live in a world of one’s own in seiner eigenen Welt leben;
    put into the world in die Welt setzen;
    he won’t set the world on fire er hat das Pulver auch nicht erfunden umg;
    set the world to rights umg die Welt wieder in Ordnung bringen;
    think the world of große Stücke halten auf (akk);
    how goes the world with you? umg wie geht‘s, wie steht’s?; blind A 12
    * * *
    noun
    1) Welt, die

    go/sail round the world — eine Weltreise machen/die Welt umsegeln

    [all] the world over, all over the world — in od. auf der ganzen Welt

    lead the world [in something] — [in etwas (Dat.)] führend in der Welt sein

    the Old/New World — die Alte/Neue Welt

    who/what in the world was it? — wer/was in aller Welt war es? (ugs.)

    how in the world was it that...? — wie in aller Welt (ugs.) war es möglich, dass...?

    look for all the world as if... — geradezu aussehen, als ob...

    be all the world to somebody — jemandem das Wichtigste/Liebste auf der Welt sein

    out of this world(fig. coll.) fantastisch (ugs.)

    the world's end, the end of the world — das Ende der Welt

    it's not the end of the world(iron.) davon geht die Welt nicht unter (ugs.)

    know/have seen a lot of the world — die Welt kennen/viel von der Welt gesehen haben

    a man/woman of the world — ein Mann/eine Frau mit Welterfahrung

    go up/come down in the world — [gesellschaftlich] aufsteigen/absteigen; attrib.

    world politics — Weltpolitik, die

    the literary/sporting/animal world — die literarische Welt (geh.) /die Welt (geh.) des Sports/die Tierwelt

    the world of letters/art/sport — die Welt (geh.) der Literatur/Kunst/des Sports

    it will do him a or the world of good — es wird ihm unendlich gut tun

    * * *
    n.
    Erde -n f.
    Welt -en f.

    English-german dictionary > world

  • 8 Berners-Lee, Tim

    (b. 1955) Gen Mgt
    British computer scientist. Creator of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the world coordinating body for developing the Web. Berners-Lee is concerned that the growth of the Web should benefit all, rather than make money for the few. His experiences and thoughts are recorded in Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web (1999).

    The ultimate business dictionary > Berners-Lee, Tim

  • 9 remote maintenance

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access

    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote maintenance

  • 10 remote sevice

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access

    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote sevice

  • 11 spider

    English-russian biological dictionary > spider

  • 12 WAM

    1) Общая лексика: метод средневзвешенных величин (weight average method), Web Access Management
    2) Компьютерная техника: Web, Adaptation, and Multimedia project
    5) Шутливое выражение: We Are Marians
    6) Религия: Worship Art And Music
    7) Метеорология: West African Monsoon
    8) Юридический термин: White Afrikaner Male
    9) Бухгалтерия: Walking Around Money
    10) Финансы: Weighted Average Maturity
    11) Грубое выражение: Wet And Messy
    12) Музыка: Wavelet Audio Music
    14) Сокращение: Wide Area Mine (USA), Wide Area Munition
    15) Университет: Women And Music, Workstations At Maryland
    16) Вычислительная техника: Web Application Manager (MS, Windows), Warren Abstract Machine (PROLOG)
    17) Нефть: Work Assignment Manager (The EPA professional who monitors the contractor's fulfillment of WA from a cost, schedule and quality standpoint)
    18) Пищевая промышленность: Without Any Meat
    19) Фирменный знак: Wings And More
    20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: well analysis model
    21) Сетевые технологии: Website Administration Module
    22) Океанография: Wave Model
    23) Должность: Warranted Archery Marshal
    24) Чат: Wait A Minute
    25) СМС: What About Me

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > WAM

  • 13 spin

    {spin}
    I. 1. преда, изпридам
    2. за паяк, буба и пр. плета, изплитам (мрежа, пашкул и пр.)
    3. въртя (се), завъртам (се), замайвам (се)
    my head is SPINning главата ми се върти, вие ми се свят, зашеметен/замаян съм (от учудване и пр.)
    to send someone SPINning зашеметявам някого (със силен удар)
    4. изработвам/извъртявам/изтеглям на струг
    5. хвърлям жребий/чоп (с монета)
    6. изхвърлям (топка и пр.) с въртене
    7. разг. движа се бързо/шеметно
    8. ловя риба с въртяща се изкуствена стръв
    9. sl. скъсвам/сдрусвам на изпит
    to SPIN a yarn разказвам надълго измислена/невероятна история, проточвам разказ
    spin along летя, нося се (за кола и пр.)
    spin around spin round
    spin out проточвам, разтакам (работа, разисквания и пр.), разтеглям, проточвам, удължавам (разказ и пр.), прекарвам, изразходвам (време, пари и пр.)
    just to SPIN out the time само/просто за да мине времето
    to SPIN out one's money харча пестеливо/по малко
    spin round обръщам се бързо/рязко/внезапно
    II. 1. предене
    2. въртене, завъртване
    3. прен. замайване, объркване
    4. бърза/кратка разходка/обиколка (с кола, велосипед, лодка и пр.)
    5. ав. бързо въртене на самолет при вертикално спускане
    flat SPIN разг. вълнение, паника
    * * *
    {spin} v (span {span}, spun {sp^n}) (-nn-) 1. преда, изприда(2) {spin} n 1. предене; 2. въртене, завъртване; З. прен. замайв
    * * *
    суча; точа; преда; въртя; завъртам; изпридам;
    * * *
    1. flat spin разг. вълнение, паника 2. i. преда, изпридам 3. ii. предене 4. just to spin out the time само/просто за да мине времето 5. my head is spinning главата ми се върти, вие ми се свят, зашеметен/замаян съм (от учудване и пр.) 6. sl. скъсвам/сдрусвам на изпит 7. spin along летя, нося се (за кола и пр.) 8. spin around spin round 9. spin out проточвам, разтакам (работа, разисквания и пр.), разтеглям, проточвам, удължавам (разказ и пр.), прекарвам, изразходвам (време, пари и пр.) 10. spin round обръщам се бързо/рязко/внезапно 11. to send someone spinning зашеметявам някого (със силен удар) 12. to spin a yarn разказвам надълго измислена/невероятна история, проточвам разказ 13. to spin out one's money харча пестеливо/по малко 14. ав. бързо въртене на самолет при вертикално спускане 15. бърза/кратка разходка/обиколка (с кола, велосипед, лодка и пр.) 16. въртене, завъртване 17. въртя (се), завъртам (се), замайвам (се) 18. за паяк, буба и пр. плета, изплитам (мрежа, пашкул и пр.) 19. изработвам/извъртявам/изтеглям на струг 20. изхвърлям (топка и пр.) с въртене 21. ловя риба с въртяща се изкуствена стръв 22. прен. замайване, объркване 23. разг. движа се бързо/шеметно 24. хвърлям жребий/чоп (с монета)
    * * *
    spin [spin] I. v ( span[spæn], spun[spʌn]; spun) 1. преда, изпридам; to \spin a yarn ( tale, story) разказвам (обикн. измислена) история; to \spin o.'s web плета си мрежата (за паяк); to \spin a cocoon свивам пашкул (за буба); 2. въртя (се), завъртам (се); to \spin a top въртя пумпал; to \spin a coin хвърлям ези-тура; my head is \spinning върти ми се главата; to send s.o. \spinning зашеметявам някого (с удар); 3. изработвам на струг; 4. sl скъсвам на изпит; 5. представям в благоприятна светлина; II. n 1. предене; 2. въртене, завъртване; 3. тълкувание, представяне, интерпретация; 4. кратка бърза разходка, раздвижване, разтъпкване; to go for a \spin in the car поразхождам се с кола; 5. търг., разг. внезапен спад, рязко падане (на цени); 6. англ. разг. вълнение; суматоха, объркване; to be in a ( flat) \spin объркан съм, разстроен съм; смутен съм; 7. австр. разг. период; етап; преживяване; късмет; a bad \spin лош период; неудача.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > spin

  • 14 paper

    1. n бумага
    2. n лист бумаги

    machine-glazed paper — бумага, глазированная с одной стороны

    3. n пакет

    paper bag — пакет; бумажный мешок

    4. n листок
    5. n документ

    falsified paper — подложный, фальшивый документ

    6. n личные или служебные документы

    boxed paper — бумага, уложенная или упакованная в коробку

    7. n собир. бумажные деньги, бумажные денежные знаки, банкноты, кредитные билеты

    paper shale — листоватый глинистый сланец, бумажный сланец

    paper web — лента бумаги, бумажная лента; бумажный рулон

    8. n собир. векселя

    paper is as good as ready money — вексель — всё равно что наличные деньги

    9. n собир. газета, журнал
    10. n собир. экзаменационный билет
    11. n собир. письменная работа
    12. n собир. научный доклад, статья

    invited paper — заказная статья; заказной доклад

    13. n собир. обои
    14. n разг. контрамарка
    15. n разг. контрамарочник

    how much paper there was yesterday we do not know but the hall was full — мы не знаем, сколько вчера было контрамарочников, но театр был полон

    16. n разг. амер. сл. краплёные карты
    17. n разг. амер. сл. доллар
    18. n разг. папье-маше

    cases, stands, tea-boards all of paper finely varnished and painted — коробки, подставки, чайные подносы из папье-маше, искусно разрисованные и покрытые лаком

    19. a бумажный; сделанный из бумаги
    20. a существующий только на бумаге; фиктивный

    paper profits — доходы, имеющиеся только на бумаге, фиктивные доходы

    21. a газетный
    22. a тонкий как бумага
    23. a канцелярский
    24. a театр. заполненный контрамарочниками
    25. v завёртывать в бумагу
    26. v оклеивать обоями
    27. v снабжать бумагой
    28. v тех. обрабатывать наждачной бумагой
    29. v полигр. подклеивать форзац
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. commercial paper (noun) bank note; bill; bill of exchange; commercial paper; draft; money; note
    2. document (noun) certificate; document; legal paper; official document; proof; record
    3. newspaper (noun) daily; daily journal; journal; newspaper; publication; tabloid
    4. report (noun) article; composition; essay; exposition; report; theme; writing
    5. hang wallpaper (verb) decorate; hang; hang wallpaper; line; overlay; paste up; plaster; refinish; wallpaper

    English-Russian base dictionary > paper

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 world

    world [wɜ:ld]
    1 noun
    A.
    (a) (earth) monde m;
    to travel round the world faire le tour du monde, voyager autour du monde;
    to see the world voir du pays, courir le monde;
    throughout the world dans le monde entier;
    in this part of the world dans cette région;
    the best in the world le meilleur du monde;
    I'm the world's worst photographer il n'y a pas pire photographe que moi;
    there isn't a nicer spot in the whole world il n'y a pas d'endroit plus agréable au monde;
    the world over, all over the world dans le monde entier, partout dans le monde;
    love is the same the world over l'amour, c'est la même chose partout dans le monde;
    it's a small world! (que) le monde est petit!
    (b) (planet) monde m;
    there may be other worlds out there il existe peut-être d'autres mondes quelque part
    (c) (universe) monde m, univers m;
    since the world began depuis que le monde existe
    B.
    the Arab World le monde arabe;
    the developing world les pays mpl en voie de développement;
    the Gaelic-speaking world les régions où l'on parle le gaélique;
    the Spanish-speaking world le monde hispanophone
    (b) (society) monde m;
    she wants to change the world elle veut changer le monde;
    in the modern world dans le monde moderne;
    she's gone up in the world elle a fait du chemin;
    he's gone down in the world il a connu de meilleurs jours;
    to come into the world venir au monde;
    to bring a child into the world mettre un enfant au monde;
    they hesitated to bring children into the world ils hésitaient à avoir des enfants;
    to be alone in the world être seul au monde;
    to make one's way in the world faire son chemin;
    you have to take the world as you find it il faut prendre les choses comme elles viennent;
    what's the world coming to? où allons-nous?, où va le monde?
    the world awaits the outcome of the talks le monde entier attend le résultat des pourparlers;
    the news shook the world la nouvelle a ébranlé le monde entier;
    the singer had the world at her feet la chanteuse avait tout le monde à ses pieds
    we don't want the whole world to know nous ne voulons pas que tout le monde le sache;
    C.
    (a) (existence, particular way of life) monde m, vie f;
    a whole new world opened up to me un monde nouveau s'ouvrit à moi;
    we live in different worlds nous ne vivons pas sur la même planète;
    it's a different world up north c'est complètement différent au nord;
    to be worlds apart (in lifestyle) avoir des styles de vie complètement différents; (in opinions) avoir des opinions complètement différentes
    (b) (realm) monde m;
    he lives in a world of his own il vit dans un monde à lui;
    a nightmare/a fantasy world un monde de cauchemar/de rêve;
    the child's world l'univers m des enfants;
    they knew nothing of the world outside ils ignoraient tout du monde extérieur;
    the underwater world le monde sous-marin
    (c) (field, domain) monde m, milieu m, milieux mpl;
    she is well known in the theatre world elle est connue dans le milieu du théâtre;
    the publishing world le monde de l'édition
    the animal/the plant world le règne animal/végétal
    (e) Religion monde m;
    to renounce the world renoncer au monde;
    in this world and the next dans ce monde(-ci) et dans l'autre;
    he isn't long for this world il n'en a pas pour longtemps;
    archaic or Bible world without end pour les siècles des siècles
    a holiday will do you a or the world of good des vacances vous feront le plus grand bien;
    it made a world of difference ça a tout changé;
    there's a world of difference between them il y a un monde entre eux;
    he thinks the world of his daughter il a une admiration sans bornes pour sa fille;
    it means the world to me c'est quelque chose qui me tient beaucoup à cœur
    (champion, championship, record) mondial, du monde; (language, history, religion) universel; (population) mondial;
    on a world scale à l'échelle mondiale
    exactement;
    she behaved for all the world as if she owned the place elle faisait exactement comme si elle était chez elle
    I wouldn't hurt her for (anything in) the world je ne lui ferais de mal pour rien au monde
    nothing in the world would change my mind rien au monde ne me ferait changer d'avis;
    I felt as if I hadn't a care in the world je me sentais libre de tout souci;
    we've got all the time in the world nous avons tout le ou tout notre temps;
    all the good intentions in the world won't bring her back on ne la ramènera pas, même avec les meilleures intentions du monde;
    I wouldn't do it for all the money in the world! je ne le ferais pas pour tout l'or du monde!
    (b) (expressing surprise, irritation, frustration)
    who in the world will believe you? qui donc va vous croire?;
    where in the world have you put it? où l'avez-vous donc mis?;
    what in the world made you do it? pourquoi donc avez-vous fait ça?;
    why in the world didn't you tell me? pourquoi donc ne me l'as-tu pas dit?
    familiar extraordinaire, sensationnel
    ►► American the World Almanac = publication annuelle qui recense les événements de l'année;
    the World Bank la Banque mondiale;
    the World Council of Churches le Conseil œcuménique des Églises;
    the World Cup la Coupe du monde;
    world domination domination f du monde;
    world economy conjoncture f économique mondiale;
    World Fair exposition f universelle;
    the World Health Organization l'Organisation f mondiale de la santé;
    world language langue f internationale;
    world map carte f du monde; (in two hemispheres) mappemonde f;
    Commerce world market marché m mondial ou international;
    world music world music f;
    world opinion l'opinion internationale;
    world peace la paix mondiale;
    world power puissance f mondiale;
    Finance world reserves réserves fpl mondiales;
    world rights droits mpl d'exploitation pour le monde entier;
    World Series = le championnat américain de base-ball;
    Radio the World Service = service étranger de la BBC;
    world television mondovision f;
    world tour voyage m autour du monde;
    world trade commerce m international;
    the World Trade Center le World Trade Center;
    the World Trade Organization l'Organisation f mondiale du commerce;
    world view = vue métaphysique du monde;
    world war guerre f mondiale;
    World War I, the First World War la Première Guerre mondiale;
    World War II, the Second World War la Seconde Guerre mondiale;
    familiar world war three la troisième guerre mondiale;
    the World Wide Fund for Nature le Fonds international pour la protection de la nature;
    Computing the World Wide Web le World Wide Web

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > world

  • 17 elasticity

    сущ.
    1) общ. эластичность; упругость (способность объекта или вещества вернуться в первоначальную форму после сжатия, сгибания или растяжения)

    The silk at the centre of the spider's web can stretch to 3 times its original length and this elasticity comes from long spirals in the configuration of the protein that makes up silk. — Шелковистые нити в центре паутины могут растягиваться до тройного размера своей изначальной длины; такая эластичность нитей объясняется наличием длинных спиралей в структуре белка, из которого состоят шелковистые нити.

    Ant:
    2) общ. гибкость, приспособляемость (способность быстро и легко адаптироваться к окружающим условиям или к изменившимся обстоятельствам)

    import elasticity to changes in the international trade regime — приспособляемость импорта к изменению условий международной торговли.

    Ant:
    3) эк. эластичность
    Ant:
    See:

    Price elasticity is equal to unity. — Ценовая эластичность равна единице.

    See:

    * * *
    эластичность; см. elasticity of demandsupply;
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > elasticity

  • 18 paper

    1) бумага

    2) бумажный
    3) статья
    4) бумажные деньги
    5) работа
    abrasive paper
    Alexandria paper
    aquarel paper
    asbestos paper
    autographic paper
    backing paper
    bag paper
    bakelized paper
    baryta paper
    blotting paper
    box-cover paper
    building paper
    bundle of paper
    capacitor paper
    carbon paper
    chalk-overly paper
    chart paper
    cigarette paper
    coil paper
    colored paper
    coordinate paper
    copying paper
    cover paper
    crepe paper
    desinfectant paper
    diagram paper
    diazo-type paper
    drawing paper
    duplication paper
    embossed paper
    emery paper
    filter paper
    flat paper
    flonix paper
    fuzzing of paper
    glazed paper
    grained paper
    graph paper
    gum paper
    gummed paper
    hard-sized paper
    heat-sensitive paper
    heliographic paper
    insulating paper
    keyboard paper
    kraft paper
    lacquering of paper
    leather-imitation paper
    light-sensitive paper
    long-fibered paper
    map paper
    mat paper
    match box paper
    matrix paper
    metallization of paper
    metallized paper
    mica-loaded paper
    micanite paper
    mimeo paper
    mulch paper
    offset paper
    packaging paper
    paper advance
    paper back
    paper capacitor
    paper clamp
    paper cockling
    paper conditioning
    paper creping
    paper cup
    paper dirt
    paper gloss
    paper insulation
    paper loading
    paper mill
    paper money
    paper oiling
    paper shuffling
    paper tape
    paper trimmings
    paper winder
    paper wood
    paraffined paper
    phototype paper
    post paper
    poster paper
    pre-coated paper
    printing paper
    reagent paper
    reinforced paper
    resistance paper
    roll-fed paper
    roofing paper
    sand paper
    seasoning of paper
    semi-sized paper
    sheet paper
    size paper
    sized paper
    square paper
    squared paper
    static-charge by paper
    stencil paper
    supercalendered paper
    test paper
    thread paper
    ticket paper
    tracing paper
    transfer paper
    unfinished paper
    vellum paper
    velour paper
    waterproof paper
    wax paper
    web paper
    wrapping paper
    writing paper

    asbestos insulating paperэлектроизоляционная бумага


    bitumized packaging paperбитумированная упаковочная бумага


    bottle packing paperбутылочная бумага


    calender bowl paperкаландровая бумага


    copper printing paperбумага для глубокой печати


    cross direction paperбумага поперечной резки


    diazotype tracing paperдиазотипная калька


    duplicating stencil paperротаторная пленка


    fine abrasive paperбумага стеклянная мелкая


    grain long paperдолевая бумага


    heavy kraft paper<industr.> бумага кабельная


    high-ash content paperвысокозольная бумага


    low-ash content paperмалозольная бумага


    machine direction paperбумага продольной резки


    machine finish of paperмашинная гладкость бумаги


    metallized paper capacitorметаллобумажный конденсатор


    ordinary cross-section paperобычная миллиметровка


    paper cross directionпоперечное направление бумаги


    paper felt sideверхняя сторона бумаги


    paper machine directionмашинное направление бумаги


    paper master plateбумажная формная пластина


    paper perforated tapeбумажная перфолента


    paper sizing degreeстепень проклейки бумаги


    paper wire sideсеточная сторона бумаги


    paste paper toнаклеивать бумагу на


    poor formation of paperоблачность бумаги


    sprout protection paperвсходозащитная бумага


    stitching of paper blockшитье бумажного блока


    telephone cable paperтелефонная бумага


    turmeric test paperкуркумовая реактивная бумага


    wetness of paper pulpжирность бумажной массы


    wood-pulp and paper millбумажно-целлюлозный завод

    Англо-русский технический словарь > paper

  • 19 store

    1. сущ.
    1) эк. запас, резерв; мн. запасы, припасы, имущество

    to keep in store — хранить [держать\] про запас

    See:
    2) торг., брит. склад, хранилище
    Syn:
    See:
    3)
    а) торг. универмаг (магазин c несколькими отделами, торгующими различными видами товаров)

    self-service store — магазин самообслуживания, универсам

    Syn:
    б) торг., преим. амер. лавка, (специализированный) магазин; пункт розничной торговли (любой магазин или какая-л. др. торговая точка, занимающаяся розничной продажей)

    to patronize a store — быть постоянным покупателем (в каком-л. магазине)

    baby goods store — магазин для новорожденных, магазин детских товаров

    computer store — компьютерный магазин, магазин по продаже компьютеров

    millinery store — шляпный магазин, магазин дамских шляп; магазин женских головных уборов

    country store — сельский магазин, сельская лавка

    suburban store — пригородный магазин, магазин в пригороде

    large-sized store — крупный [большой\] магазин

    small-sized store — маленький [небольшой\] магазин

    low-price store — дешевый [недорогой\] магазин, магазин с низкими ценами

    Syn:
    See:
    4) эк. мастерская (обычно, ремонтная)
    5) комп. запоминающее устройство
    6) псих. память ( человека)
    2. гл.
    1) торг. хранить, запасать, откладывать, складировать

    store in bulk — хранить россыпью [навалом\]

    They store goods until consumers require them. — Они хранят товары до тех пор, пока их не купят.

    Syn:
    2) торг. помещать на склад, отдавать на хранение
    3) общ. снабжать, наполнять

    Don't store your mind with trivial things. — Не забивай голову пустяками.

    Syn:
    4) мат., тех. вмещать, накапливать, аккумулировать
    5) комп. запоминать, хранить (данные, информацию)
    3. прил.
    1) торг. магазинный, торговый ( относящийся к розничной торговле)
    See:
    2) потр. покупной, магазинный ( в отличие от сделанного в домашних условиях)
    Syn:
    See:
    4) с.-х. откармливаемый на убой; выращивающий на откорм

    store rearer — фермер, выращивающий скот на откорм

    store goose — гусь, предназначенный для откорма

    5) комп. сохраненный ( в памяти компьютера)

    * * *
    магазин: предприятие розничной торговли.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > store

  • 20 WMM

    1) Компьютерная техника: Wi-Fi Multimedia
    3) Военный термин: World Magnetic Model
    4) Техника: wall-mounted manipulator
    6) Юридический термин: Well Manicured Man
    7) Сокращение: World Movement of Mothers
    8) Физиология: White Middle-aged Male
    9) Вычислительная техника: Wireless Multimedia Extension
    10) Фирменный знак: Web Media Marketing, Webmasters Make Money, Weston, Murray, & Moore Independent Financial Advisers
    12) Карачаганак: ВМС (water-methanol mixture), водометанольная смесь

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > WMM

См. также в других словарях:

  • Money Inc. — Money Inc. Ted DiBiase (left) and Irwin R. Schyster (right) as Tag Team Champions Tag team Members Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase Irwin R. Schyster (I.R.S …   Wikipedia

  • Money Management International — Type 501(C)(3) Corporation Founded 1997[1 …   Wikipedia

  • Money fund — Money funds (or money market funds , money market mutual funds ) are mutual funds that invest in short term debt instruments. Explanation Money market funds, also known as principal stability funds, seek to limit exposure to losses due to credit …   Wikipedia

  • Money management — also refers to the professional management of investment funds for individuals, families, and institutions. Money management is the process of managing money which includes investment, budgeting, banking and taxes. It is also called investment… …   Wikipedia

  • Money Saving Voucher Codes — Type Voucher Code Website Founded 2009 Headquarters Darlington, England Area served UK Key people …   Wikipedia

  • Money (album) — Money Studio album by KMFDM Released February 1992 …   Wikipedia

  • Money Talks News — Also known as Money Talks with Stacy Johnson Genre Personal Finance Format News Created by Stacy Johnson Country …   Wikipedia

  • Money (KMFDM song) — Money Single by KMFDM B side Bargeld Released April 28, 1992 …   Wikipedia

  • Money laundering — is the process of disguising illegal sources of money so that it looks like it came from legal sources.[1] The methods by which money may be laundered are varied and can range in sophistication. Many regulatory and governmental authorities quote… …   Wikipedia

  • Money (Blackadder) — Money Episode no. Series 2 Episode 4 Directed by Mandie Fletcher Written by Ben Elton Richard Curtis Original ai …   Wikipedia

  • Web Access Management — is a subcategory of the broader Identity management space. Web Access Management controls access to Web resources, providing: * Authentication Management * Policy based Authorization * Audit Reporting Services (optional) * Single sign on… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»